The Netherlands’ National Holocaust Museum was launched on Sunday in a ceremony presided over by the Dutch king as well as Israeli President Isaac Herzog, whose presence prompted protests because of Israel’s deadly offensive against Palestinians in Gaza.
The museum in Amsterdam tells the stories of some of the 102,000 Jews who were deported from the Netherlands and murdered in Nazi camps, as well as the history of their structural persecution under German Second World War occupation before the deportations began.
Sunday’s ceremony came against a backdrop of Israel’s devastating attacks on Gaza that followed Hamas’s deadly attack on southern Israel on October 7.
Thousands of pro-Palestinian protesters gathered near the museum and the Portuguese Synagogue in Waterloo Square in central Amsterdam amid tight security, waving Palestinian flags, chanting against Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories, and demanding an immediate ceasefire in Gaza.
The protest leaders stressed that they were demonstrating against Mr Herzog’s presence, not the museum and what it commemorates.
“For us Jews, these museums are part of our history, of our past,” said Joana Cavaco, an anti-war activist with the Erev Rav Jewish collective, addressing the crowd ahead of the ceremony.
She added: “How is it possible that such a sacred space is being used to normalise genocide today?”
Three-quarters of Dutch Jews were among the six million Jews murdered by the Nazis.
Dutch King Willem-Alexander and Mr Herzog visited the synagogue and opened the museum.
Austrian President Alexander van der Bellen, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and the president of the German Federal Council, Manuela Schwesig, were also attending the ceremony, along with Jewish leaders from around the world.
Mr Herzog was among Israeli leaders cited in an order issued in January by the top United Nations court for Israel to do all it can to prevent death, destruction and any acts of genocide in Gaza.
He accused the International Court of Justice of misrepresenting his comments in the ruling.
Israel strongly rejected allegations levelled by South Africa in the court case that the military campaign in Gaza breaches the Genocide Convention.
“I was disgusted by the way they twisted my words, using very, very partial and fragmented quotes, with the intention of supporting an unfounded legal contention,” Mr Herzog said, days after the ruling.
A pro-Palestinian Dutch organisation, The Rights Forum, called Mr Herzog’s presence “a slap in the face of the Palestinians who can only helplessly watch how Israel murders their loved ones and destroys their land”.
In a statement issued ahead of Sunday’s opening, the Jewish Cultural Quarter that runs the museum said it is “profoundly concerned by the war and the consequences this conflict has had, first and foremost for the citizens of Israel, Gaza and the West Bank”.
It said it is “all the more troubling that the National Holocaust Museum is opening while war continues to rage. It makes our mission all the more urgent.”
The museum is housed in a former teacher training college that was used as a covert escape route to help some 600 Jewish children escape from the Nazis.
Exhibits include a prominent photo of a boy walking past bodies in Bergen-Belsen after the liberation of the concentration camp, and mementos of lives lost: a doll; an orange dress made from parachute material; and a collection of 10 buttons excavated from the grounds of the Sobibor camp.
The walls of one room are covered with the texts of hundreds of laws discriminating against Jews enacted by the German occupiers of the Netherlands, to show how the Nazi regime, assisted by Dutch civil servants, dehumanised Jews ahead of operations to round them up.
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